In addition to being the most common disease in women, breast cancer accounts for almost half a million deaths globally every year. However, despite its relatively low mortality toll, melanoma cancer is still a major health concern. Cancer patients undergoing traditional cancer treatments confront a number of challenges, including a wide variety of adverse effects, and the treatment is not always effective. Using nanomaterials in in vivo breast cancer therapy applications has revolutionised many areas of the field, including the conjugation of natural compounds showing chemo preventive activity, such as curcumin, onto the nanoparticles, and the controlled drug release towards specific organs or at the tumour site, reducing the side effects, otherwise caused by conventional cancer therapy. Gold nanoparticles that have been "tagged" with folate have emerged as the most effective nanocarriers for cancer treatment and detection in recent years.

Method: Early detection and diagnosis methods for breast and melanoma cancers have benefited greatly from the development of nano-based systems with enzyme mimetic properties, blood compatibility, and the ability to differentiate between normal cells and cancer cells. Targeting cancer cells that have an overabundance of folate receptors has led to an increased interest in delivering anticancer medications using polymer-coated gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) conjugated with folic acid (Fa) (C19H19N7O6). Due to its insolubility in water, folic acid must rely on nanoparticles to transport it to the tumour site. Here, we report a facile method for formation of folated silica NPs (Fa@Si NPs), folate conjugated to silica-gold core shell nanoparticles Fa@SiAu-PVP NPs, folate conjugated to amphipathic polymer coated gold nanoparticles (Fa@Au-PVP NPs) and Curcumin drug loaded folate conjugated to amphipathic polymer coated gold nanoparticles (Fa@CurAu-PVP NPs) with a size 185 nm, ~250nm, 40 ±12.5 nm and ~350nm with negatively charged surface area. Functionalization using EDC/NHS as a cross-linking agent follows the coating of Au NPs with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) polymer and the development of a silica shell. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) all attest to the fact that NPs have been developed successfully. To replicate the peroxidase enzyme, a synergistic nanoconjugate that is highly catalytic in the presence of TMB and H2O2 has been developed. This target-functionalized nanoparticle has the potential to serve as a very sensitive nanoprobe for the rapid colorimetric detection of triple-negative and luminal-A breast cancer. Results from experiments show that the conjugate binds to albumin-like proteins, which increases the NP's cytoxicity and prolongs its circulation in the body during in vivo treatments, specifically for MDA MB 231, MCF 7 cells, 4T1 breast cancer cell lines, and B16F10 skin melanoma cells. Research on the percentage of haemolysis caused by cytotoxic concentrations of NPs on five distinct blood types was also conducted. The data showed that the N[s were devoid of any biological hazards. This is a major advance in cancer theranostics, since the folate molecule may now be used to guide the delivery of anticancer medications, and metal nanoparticles can be used to diagnose cancer via the invention of a colorimetric sensor.

Keywords

Breast Cancer, Melanoma cancer, Early detection, Traditional cancer treatment, advanced diagnosis, Multilayer Micro Nano capsules,

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This study explores the utilization of herbs within the context of current medical trends and approaches. Notably, herbs are observed to provide cost-effective treatment compared to synthetic chemistry, while also causing minimal side effects on the host. Pongamia pinnata, known as 'Karanj' in Hindi, is a herb contributing to traditional medicine, as per Ayurveda and Charaka-Samhita. Widely available in India and several other countries, Pongamia pinnata contains numerous polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoids, polyphenols, and volatile oils. These compounds play a crucial role in supportive and preventive care for various conditions. Traditionally, different parts of the plant are utilized for their respective actions, addressing medical conditions such as whooping cough, bronchitis, dyspepsia, leprosy, gonorrhea, rheumatism, and more. The plant extract exhibits a spectrum of activities, including anti-diarrheal, antifungal, anti-plasmodial, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyper-ammonic, antilipoxidative, antioxidant, analgesic, and anticancer properties. Additionally, leaves extract demonstrates cardio protective activity. Observations indicate that flavonoid constituents of the plant manifest hypolipidemic and antihyperlipidemic effects. The ethanolic extract of Pongamia pinnata is noted for its antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, attributed to the presence of flavonoids and active phenols like Pongamol and Karanjin. Furthermore, the oil derived from Pongamia pinnata seeds serves as a source of biodiesel, representing a non-pollutant and sustainable approach towards environmental conservation. This comprehensive exploration underscores the multifaceted therapeutic potential of Pongamia pinnata, offering insights into its diverse pharmacological activities, traditional applications, and contemporary relevance in the realms of medicine and environmental sustainability.

Keywords

Karanj, Pongamia Pinnata, Phytoconstituents, Traditional uses, Ethanolic extract, Charak samhita,

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Background:  The mission of palliative care is to enhance the well-being for patients and their families who are facing life-threatening illnesses by preventing and alleviating suffering by means of very early pain detection, assessment, and management of related psychological, physical, and spiritual problems.  Aim: The motive of this study is to find out how well a structured educational initiative may raise nursing students' knowledge and understanding about palliative care at a designated institution of nursing. Methodology: One group pre and post-test study design was used as part of the pre-experimental research methodology, and 49 nursing students aged between 18 – 21years have been chosen by the use of the non-probability purposive sampling method. Pre-test knowledge and attitude was assessed through the use of semi- structured questionnaire and 5-point Liker scale respectively followed by the structured teaching program was done. Outcomes: The pretest outcome exhibited 15(31%) of student lacked adequate understanding, and merely 2% had sufficient understanding, whereas 33 (67%) possessed a moderate degree of comprehension. About 18(37%) had a positive attitude, while 31 (63%) had an adverse attitude. attitude. Following the intervention for 7 days the result revealed that majority of students acquired 47 (96%) adequate knowledge and 2(4%) possessed a knowledge moderately, in respect to post-test attitude level 49(100 %) of students had showed favourable attitude towards palliative care. The mean score for the pre-test knowledge assessment was 8.92, accompanied by a standard deviation of 2.26. In contrast, the mean score for the post-test knowledge assessment was 17.90, with a 0.6 standard deviation.  The average attitude score of 84.08 been observed for the pre-test accompanied by a 9.81 standard deviation. In contrast, the mean attitude score of 95.14 for the post-test, with a 3.29 standard deviation. The estimated paired t test result for pre- and post-test attitude  and knowledge levels was 95.14 and 25.22, respectively, which was found to be higher than the table at p<0.005 high statistically significance. Conclusion: Though palliative care is included in their nursing curriculum it creates very little impact on their mind, whereas palliative is an area which demand nursing care highly. The study's results recommend that the national curriculum committee should prioritize the inclusion of palliative care as a dedicated unit for nursing students. This focus could enhance the training and preparedness of future nurses in providing compassionate care.

Keywords

Palliative care, Structured teaching program, Nursing students,

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To improve medication bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy, oral dosage forms must dissolve quickly and effectively. Drug release from solid formulations can be accelerated with the use of superdisintegrants, which are specialized chemicals that encourage disintegration. This study offers a thorough analysis of superdisintegrants, emphasizing their kinds, uses in pharmaceutical formulations, and modes of action. Superdisintegrants that speed up tablet breakdown, such as crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, and croscarmellose sodium, enable quicker dissolving and absorption. Superdisintegrants are classified as natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic, and co-processed in the review, which also discusses their special qualities, benefits, and drawbacks. The physicochemical characteristics of the medicine and a number of other factors affect how well superdisintegrants promote disintegration. The drawbacks, such compatibility problems and possible impacts on medication stability, must be carefully considered despite their advantages. In addition, this review discusses current studies and potential directions for creating and using superdisintegrants for improved drug delivery systems. In order to facilitate the creation of high-performance medication formulations and enhance patient compliance and treatment results, this thorough review attempts to deepen our understanding of the roles and functions of superdisintegrants.

Keywords

Superdisintegrants, Drug dissolution, Croscarmellose sodium, Sodium starch glycolate, Crospovidone, Disintegration mechanisms, Synthetic superdisintegrants, Natural superdisintegrant, Semi-synthetic superdisintegrants, Disintegration,

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