CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT USING MULTILAYER MICRO NANO CAPSULES

Article History: Submission: Feb 16, 2024, Revision: Mar 05, 2024, Acceptance: Apr 10, 2024, DOI Information: https://doi.org/10.56815/IJMSCI.V4I1.2024/1-12

Abstract

In addition to being the most common disease in women, breast cancer accounts for almost half a million deaths globally every year. However, despite its relatively low mortality toll, melanoma cancer is still a major health concern. Cancer patients undergoing traditional cancer treatments confront a number of challenges, including a wide variety of adverse effects, and the treatment is not always effective. Using nanomaterials in in vivo breast cancer therapy applications has revolutionised many areas of the field, including the conjugation of natural compounds showing chemo preventive activity, such as curcumin, onto the nanoparticles, and the controlled drug release towards specific organs or at the tumour site, reducing the side effects, otherwise caused by conventional cancer therapy. Gold nanoparticles that have been "tagged" with folate have emerged as the most effective nanocarriers for cancer treatment and detection in recent years.

Method: Early detection and diagnosis methods for breast and melanoma cancers have benefited greatly from the development of nano-based systems with enzyme mimetic properties, blood compatibility, and the ability to differentiate between normal cells and cancer cells. Targeting cancer cells that have an overabundance of folate receptors has led to an increased interest in delivering anticancer medications using polymer-coated gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) conjugated with folic acid (Fa) (C19H19N7O6). Due to its insolubility in water, folic acid must rely on nanoparticles to transport it to the tumour site. Here, we report a facile method for formation of folated silica NPs (Fa@Si NPs), folate conjugated to silica-gold core shell nanoparticles Fa@SiAu-PVP NPs, folate conjugated to amphipathic polymer coated gold nanoparticles (Fa@Au-PVP NPs) and Curcumin drug loaded folate conjugated to amphipathic polymer coated gold nanoparticles (Fa@CurAu-PVP NPs) with a size 185 nm, ~250nm, 40 ±12.5 nm and ~350nm with negatively charged surface area. Functionalization using EDC/NHS as a cross-linking agent follows the coating of Au NPs with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) polymer and the development of a silica shell. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) all attest to the fact that NPs have been developed successfully. To replicate the peroxidase enzyme, a synergistic nanoconjugate that is highly catalytic in the presence of TMB and H2O2 has been developed. This target-functionalized nanoparticle has the potential to serve as a very sensitive nanoprobe for the rapid colorimetric detection of triple-negative and luminal-A breast cancer. Results from experiments show that the conjugate binds to albumin-like proteins, which increases the NP's cytoxicity and prolongs its circulation in the body during in vivo treatments, specifically for MDA MB 231, MCF 7 cells, 4T1 breast cancer cell lines, and B16F10 skin melanoma cells. Research on the percentage of haemolysis caused by cytotoxic concentrations of NPs on five distinct blood types was also conducted. The data showed that the N[s were devoid of any biological hazards. This is a major advance in cancer theranostics, since the folate molecule may now be used to guide the delivery of anticancer medications, and metal nanoparticles can be used to diagnose cancer via the invention of a colorimetric sensor.